Batrị Lithium meriri Nrite Nobel na Chemistry 2019!

Enyere John B. Goodenough, M. Stanley Whittingham na Akira Yoshino ihe nrite 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry maka onyinye ha na ngalaba nke batrị lithium.

N'ileghachi anya azụ na 1901-2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Na 1901, Jacobs Henriks Vantov (Netherland): "chọpụtara iwu nke chemical kinetics na osmotic mgbali nke ngwọta."

1902, Hermann Fischer (Germany): "Na-arụ ọrụ na njikọ nke sugars na purines."

Na 1903, Sfant August Arrhenius (Sweden): "Tụpụtara tiori nke ionization."

N'afọ 1904, Sir William Ramsey (UK): "Achọpụtara ihe ndị dị mma na ikuku ma chọpụta ọnọdụ ha na tebụl oge nke ihe."

Na 1905, Adolf von Bayer (Germany): "Nnyocha nke organic agba na hydrogenated aromatic ogige kwalite mmepe nke organic kemịkal na chemical ụlọ ọrụ."

Na 1906, Henry Moissan (France): "Nyochaa na kewaa elementrị fluorine, na-eji ọkụ eletrik aha ya."

1907, Edward Buchner (Germany): "Na-arụ ọrụ na Nnyocha Biochemical na Nchọpụta nke Fermentation na-enweghị Cell."

Na 1908, Ernest Rutherford (UK): "Nnyocha na mgbanwe nke element na radiochemistry."

1909, Wilhelm Ostwald (Germany): "ọrụ nyocha na catalysis na ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi nke nha kemịkalụ na ọnụego mmeghachi omume kemịkal."

N'afọ 1910, Otto Wallach (Germany): "Ọrụ ịsụ ụzọ n'ọhịa nke ogige alicyclic kwalitere mmepe nke kemịkalụ organic na ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ."

Na 1911, Marie Curie (Poland): "chọpụtara ihe ndị dị na radium na polonium, radium dị ọcha ma mụọ ihe onwunwe nke ihe a dị ịrịba ama na ogige ya."

Na 1912, Victor Grignard (France): "mepụtara Grignard reagent";

Paul Sabatier (France): "Chepụtara usoro hydrogenation nke ogige organic na ọnụnọ nke ezigbo ntụ ntụ."

Na 1913, Alfred Werner (Switzerland): "The ọmụmụ nke atomic njikọ na molekul, karịsịa na ubi nke inorganic kemịkalụ."

Na 1914, Theodore William Richards (United States): "Ezigbo mkpebi siri ike nke atomic arọ nke a ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke chemical ọcha."

Na 1915, Richard Wilstedt (Germany): "Ọmụmụ pigmenti osisi, karịsịa ọmụmụ nke chlorophyll."

Na 1916, ọ dịghị ihe nrite e nyere.

Na 1917, ọ dịghị ihe nrite e nyere.

Na 1918, Fritz Haber Germany "nyocha na njikọ nke amonia si mfe bekee."

Na 1919, ọ dịghị ihe nrite e nyere.

1920, Walter Nernst (Germany): "Ọmụmụ nke thermochemistry."

Na 1921, Frederick Soddy (UK): "Ntụnye aka na nghọta ndị mmadụ banyere chemical Njirimara nke redioaktivu ihe, na ọmụmụ nke si malite na Njirimara nke isotopes."

N'afọ 1922, Francis Aston (UK): "Achọpụtara ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke isotopes nke ihe na-adịghị eme redio site na iji igwe spectrometer, na iwu nke integers dokwuo anya."

Na 1923, Fritz Pregel (Austria): "Mepụtara microanalysis usoro nke organic ogige."

Na 1924, ọ dịghị ihe nrite e nyere.

N'afọ 1925, Richard Adolf Sigmund (Germany): "Kwawara ọdịdị dị iche iche nke ngwọta colloidal ma mepụta usoro nyocha metụtara ya."

Na 1926, Teodor Svedberg (Sweden): "Ịmụ na decentralized usoro."

Na 1927, Heinrich Otto Wieland (Germany): "Nchọpụta na nhazi nke bile acid na ihe ndị metụtara ya."

1928, Adolf Wendaus (Germany): "Na-amụ banyere usoro nke steroid na mmekọrịta ha na vitamin."

Na 1929, Arthur Harden (UK), Hans von Euler-Cherpin (Germany): "Na-amụ banyere gbaa ụka nke sugars na gbaa ụka enzymes."

1930, Hans Fischer (Germany): "Ọmụmụ ihe mejupụtara nke heme na chlorophyll, karịsịa ọmụmụ nke njikọ nke heme."

Na 1931, Karl Bosch (Germany), Friedrich Bergius (Germany): "Na-echepụta na ịmepụta nkà na ụzụ kemịkalụ dị elu."

Na 1932, Irving Lanmere (USA): "Research and Discovery of Surface Chemistry."

Na 1933, ọ dịghị ihe nrite e nyere.

Na 1934, Harold Clayton Yuri (United States): "chọpụtara hydrogen dị arọ."

Na 1935, Frederic Yorio-Curie (France), Irene Yorio-Curie (France): "Emepụtara ihe ọhụrụ redioaktivu."

1936, Peter Debye (Netherlands): "Ịghọta usoro ihe omimi site na nyocha nke oge dipole na mgbagwoju anya nke X-ray na electrons na gas."

1937, Walter Haworth (UK): "Nchọpụta maka Carbohydrates na Vitamin C";

Paul Keller (Switzerland): "Nchọpụta na carotenoids, flavin, vitamin A na vitamin B2".

1938, Richard Kuhn (Germany): "Nchọpụta na carotenoids na vitamin."

N'afọ 1939, Adolf Butnant (Germany): "Nchọpụta maka homonụ mmekọahụ";

Lavoslav Ruzicka (Switzerland): "Nchọpụta na polymethylene na elu terpenes."

Na 1940, ọ dịghị ihe nrite e nyere.

Na 1941, ọ dịghị ihe nrite e nyere.

Na 1942, ọ dịghị ihe nrite e nyere.

Na 1943, George Dehevesi (Hungary): "A na-eji Isotopes mee ihe dị ka ndị na-achọpụta ihe na-amụ banyere usoro kemịkal."

Na 1944, Otto Hahn (Germany): "Chọpụta fission nke arọ nuklia."

Na 1945, Alturi Ilmari Vertanen (Finland): "Research na mepụtara nke ugbo na nutritional kemịkalụ, karịsịa usoro nke ndepụta nchekwa."

Na 1946, James B. Sumner (USA): "A chọpụtara na enzymes nwere ike crystallized";

John Howard Northrop (United States), Wendell Meredith Stanley (United States): "Akwadoro enzymes dị elu dị ọcha na protein viral."

N'afọ 1947, Sir Robert Robinson (UK): "Nyocha na ngwaahịa osisi dị mkpa dị mkpa nke ndu, karịsịa alkaloids."

Na 1948, Arne Tisselius (Sweden): "Nchọpụta na electrophoresis na adsorption analysis, karịsịa na mgbagwoju ọdịdị nke serum protein."

Na 1949, William Geok (United States): "Ntụnye aka na ubi nke chemical thermodynamics, karịsịa ọmụmụ nke bekee n'okpuru ultra-obere okpomọkụ."

Na 1950, Otto Diels (West Germany), Kurt Alder (West Germany): "chọpụtara na mepụtara diene synthesis usoro."

Na 1951, Edwin Macmillan (United States), Glenn Theodore Seaborg (United States): "chọpụtara transuranic ọcha."

N'afọ 1952, Archer John Porter Martin (UK), Richard Lawrence Millington Singer (UK): "mepụtara chromatography nkebi."

1953, Hermann Staudinger (West Germany): "Nchọpụta nchọpụta na ubi nke polymer chemistry."

1954, Linus Pauling (USA): "Ọmụmụ ihe njirimara nke njikọ kemịkalụ na ntinye ya na nkọwapụta nke nhazi nke ihe mgbagwoju anya."

Na 1955, Vincent Divinho (USA): "Nchọpụta na sulfur-nwere ogige nke biochemical mkpa, karịsịa njikọ nke peptide hormones maka oge mbụ."

Na 1956, Cyril Hinshelwood (UK) na Nikolai Semenov (Soviet Union): "Nchọpụta na usoro nke chemical mmeghachi omume."

1957, Alexander R. Todd (UK): "Na-arụ ọrụ na ọmụmụ nke nucleotides na nucleotide coenzymes."

1958, Frederick Sanger (UK): "Ọmụmụ ihe nhazi protein na nhazi, karịsịa ọmụmụ insulin."

Na 1959, Jaroslav Herovsky (Czech Republic): "chọpụtara na mepụtara polarographic analysis usoro."

N'afọ 1960, Willard Libby (United States): "Emepụtara usoro maka mkpakọrịta nwoke na nwaanyị site na iji carbon 14 isotope, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe na nkà mmụta ihe ochie, geology, geophysics, na ndị ọzọ."

1961, Melvin Calvin (United States): "Nchọpụta na nnabata nke carbon dioxide site na osisi."

Na 1962, Max Perutz UK na John Kendrew UK "nyocha na Ọdịdị nke Spherical protein."

1963, Carl Ziegler (West Germany), Gurio Natta (Italy): "Nchọpụta nchọpụta na ubi nke polymer chemistry na nkà na ụzụ."

Na 1964, Dorothy Crawford Hodgkin (UK): "Iji teknụzụ X-ray nyochaa nhazi nke ụfọdụ ihe dị mkpa biochemical."

N'afọ 1965, Robert Burns Woodward (USA): "Mmepụta pụtara ìhè na Organic Synthesis."

1966, Robert Mulliken (USA): "Nchọpụta bụ isi na njikọ kemịkalụ na usoro eletrọnịkị nke ụmụ irighiri ihe site na iji usoro orbital molecular."

Na 1967, Manfred Eigen (West Germany), Ronald George Rayford Norris (UK), George Porter (UK): "Iji a obere ume pulse iji dozie mmeghachi omume Usoro nke perturbation, ọmụmụ nke elu-ọsọ chemical mmeghachi omume."

N'afọ 1968, Lars Onsager (USA): "chọpụtara mmekọrịta mmeghari nke aha ya, na-atọ ntọala maka thermodynamics nke usoro a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha."

Na 1969, Derek Barton (UK), Odd Hassel (Norway): "mepụtara echiche nke conformation na ngwa ya na kemistri."

Na 1970, Luiz Federico Leloire (Argentina): "chọpụtara sugar nucleotides na ọrụ ha na biosynthesis nke carbohydrates."

1971, Gerhard Herzberg (Canada): "Nchọpụta na usoro eletrọnịkị na geometry nke ụmụ irighiri ihe, karịsịa free radicals."

1972, Christian B. Anfinson (United States): "Nnyocha na ribonuclease, karịsịa ọmụmụ banyere mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ya amino acid usoro na biologically arụ ọrụ conformation";

Stanford Moore (United States), William Howard Stein (United States): "Na-amụ banyere mmekọrịta dị n'etiti catalytic ọrụ nke nọ n'ọrụ center nke ribonuclease molekul na ya chemical Ọdịdị."

N'afọ 1973, Ernst Otto Fischer (West Germany) na Jeffrey Wilkinson (UK): "Nchọpụta ndị ọsụ ụzọ na-emepụta kemịkalụ nke metal-organic compounds, nke a makwaara dị ka ogige Sanwichi."

1974, Paul Flory (USA): "Nchọpụta ndabere na tiori na nnwale nke polymer physical chemistry."

1975, John Conforth (UK): "Na-amụ banyere stereochemistry nke enzyme-catalyzed mmeghachi omume."

Vladimir Prelog (Switzerland): "Na-amụ banyere stereochemistry nke organic molekul na mmeghachi omume";

1976, William Lipscomb (United States): "Ọmụmụ ihe nhazi nke borane kọwara nsogbu nke njikọ kemịkalụ."

Na 1977, Ilya Prigogine (Belgium): "Ntụnye aka na-abụghị nha nha thermodynamics, karịsịa tiori nke dissipative Ọdịdị."

N'afọ 1978, Peter Mitchell (UK): "Iji usoro iwu nke kemịkalụ permeation na-enye aka na nghọta nke nnyefe ike ndu."

Na 1979, Herbert Brown (USA) na Georg Wittig (West Germany): "mepụtara boron-nwere na phosphorus-nwere ogige dị ka ihe dị mkpa reagents na organic synthesis, karị."

Na 1980, Paul Berg (United States): "Ọmụmụ nke biochemistry nke nucleic acid, karịsịa ọmụmụ nke recombinant DNA";

Walter Gilbert (US), Frederick Sanger (UK): "Ụzọ maka ịchọpụta usoro DNA Base Sequence na Nucleic Acids."

Na 1981, Kenichi Fukui (Japan) na Rod Hoffman (USA): "Kọwaa ihe omume nke mmeghachi omume kemịkal site na mmepe onwe ha nke echiche."

Na 1982, Aaron Kluger (UK): "Emepụtara crystal electron microscopy na-amụ Ọdịdị nke nucleic acid-protein complexes na ihe dị mkpa ndu."

Na 1983, Henry Taub (USA): "Nchọpụta na usoro nke electron nnyefe mmeghachi omume karịsịa na metal ogidi."

Na 1984, Robert Bruce Merrifield (USA): "mepụtara a siri ike-adọ chemical njikọ usoro."

N'afọ 1985, Herbert Hauptman (United States), Jerome Carr (United States): "Mmepụta pụtara ìhè na mmepe nke ụzọ kpọmkwem maka ịchọta nhazi crystal."

Na 1986, Dudley Hirschbach (United States), Li Yuanzhe (United States), John Charles Polanyi (Canada): "Ntụnye aka na-amụ nke kinetic usoro nke elementrị chemical mmeghachi omume."

Na 1987, Donald Kramm (United States), Jean-Marie Lane (France), Charles Pedersen (United States): "Emepụtara na-eji ụmụ irighiri ihe ike nke ukwuu nhọrọ Ọdịdị-kpọmkwem mmekọrịta."

Na 1988, John Dysenhofer (West Germany), Robert Huber (West Germany), Hartmut Michel (West Germany): "Mkpebi nke atọ akụkụ Ọdịdị nke photosynthetic mmeghachi omume center."

N'afọ 1989, Sydney Altman (Canada), Thomas Cech (USA): "chọpụtara ihe ndị na-akpata catalytic nke RNA."

Na 1990, Elias James Corey (United States): "Mepụtara tiori na usoro nke organic njikọ."

1991, Richard Ernst (Switzerland): "Ntụnye aka na mmepe nke nnukwu resonance nuclear magnetik resonance (NMR) ụzọ spectroscopy."

Na 1992, Rudolph Marcus (USA): "Ntụnye aka na tiori nke electron transfer reactions na chemical usoro."

N'afọ 1993, Kelly Mullis (USA): "Mepụta ụzọ nyocha kemịkalụ DNA nke dabeere na ya wee mepụta mmeghachi omume polymerase chain (PCR)";

Michael Smith (Canada): "Mepụta ụzọ nyocha kemịkalụ DNA nke dabeere na DNA, ma nye aka na nguzobe nke mutagenesis na-eduzi saịtị oligonucleotide na ntinye aka ya dị mkpa na mmepe nke nyocha protein."

Na 1994, George Andrew Euler (United States): "Ntụnye aka na nnyocha nke carbocation chemistry."

N'afọ 1995, Paul Crutzen (Netherland), Mario Molina (US), Frank Sherwood Rowland (US): "Nchọpụta maka kemịkalụ ikuku, karịsịa nyocha banyere nguzobe na nbibi nke ozone."

1996 Robert Cole (United States), Harold Kroto (United Kingdom), Richard Smalley (United States): "Chọpụta fullerene."

Na 1997, Paul Boyer (USA), John Walker (UK), Jens Christian Sko (Denmark): "Kwawara enzymatic catalytic usoro na njikọ nke adenosine triphosphate (ATP)."

Na 1998, Walter Cohen (USA): "tọrọ ntọala density functional tiori";

John Pope (UK): Mepụtara usoro mgbakọ na mwepụ na kemịkalụ quantum.

Na 1999, Yamid Ziwell (Egypt): "Na-amụ banyere mgbanwe ọnọdụ nke chemical mmeghachi omume site femtosecond spectroscopy."

Na 2000, Alan Haig (United States), McDelmead (United States), Hideki Shirakawa (Japan): "chọpụtara na mepụtara conductive polymers."

Na 2001, William Standish Knowles (US) na Noyori Ryoji (Japan): "Nchọpụta na Chiral Catalytic Hydrogenation";

Barry Sharpless (USA): " Ọmụmụ na Chiral Catalytic Oxidation."

Na 2002, John Bennett Finn (USA) na Koichi Tanaka (Japan): "mepụtara ụzọ maka njirimara na structural analysis nke biological macromolecules, na guzobe a nro desorption ionization usoro maka uka spectrometry analysis nke biological macromolecules" ;

Kurt Wittrich (Switzerland): "Emepụtara ụzọ maka njirimara na structural analysis nke biological macromolecules, na guzobe usoro maka nyochaa atọ akụkụ Ọdịdị nke ndu macromolecules na ngwọta site na iji nuclear magnetik resonance spectroscopy."

Na 2003, Peter Agre (USA): "Ọmụmụ nke ọwa ion na cell membranes hụrụ mmiri ọwa";

Roderick McKinnon (United States): "Ọmụmụ nke ọwa ion na cell membranes, ọmụmụ nke ion channel Ọdịdị na usoro."

N'afọ 2004, Aaron Chehanovo (Israel), Avram Hershko (Israel), Owen Ross (US): "chọpụtara mmebi protein na-agbasa n'ubiquitin."

Na 2005, Yves Chauvin (France), Robert Grubb (US), Richard Schrock (US): "Mepụtara usoro nke metathesis na organic njikọ."

Na 2006, Roger Kornberg (USA): "Nchọpụta na molekụla ndabere nke eukaryotic transcription."

2007, Gerhard Eter (Germany): "Nchọpụta na usoro kemịkal nke ebe siri ike."

Na 2008, Shimomura Osamu (Japan), Martin Chalfie (United States), Qian Yongjian (United States): "Achọpụtara ma gbanwee protein fluorescent green (GFP)."

Na 2009, Venkatraman Ramakrishnan (UK), Thomas Steitz (USA), Ada Jonat (Israel): "Nchọpụta na nhazi na ọrụ nke ribosomes."

2010 Richard Heck (USA), Negishi (Japan), Suzuki Akira (Japan): "Nchọpụta na Palladium-catalyzed Coupling Reaction in Organic Synthesis."

Na 2011, Daniel Shechtman (Israel): "Nchọpụta nke quasicrystals."

Na 2012, Robert Lefkowitz, Bryan Kebirka (United States): "Nchọpụta na G protein-coupled anabata."

Na 2013, Martin Capras (United States), Michael Levitt (United Kingdom), Yale Vachel: Haziri multi-scale ụdị maka mgbagwoju chemical usoro.

Na 2014, Eric Bezig (United States), Stefan W. Hull (Germany), William Esko Molnar (United States): Achievement na ubi nke ibu-mkpebi fluorescence microscopy Achievement.

Na 2015, Thomas Lindahl (Sweden), Paul Modric (USA), Aziz Sanjar (Turkey): Nnyocha na usoro cellular nke DNA nrụzi.

Na 2016, Jean-Pierre Sova (France), James Fraser Stuart (UK / US), Bernard Felinga (Netherlands): Nhazi na njikọ nke molekul igwe.

Na 2017, Jacques Dubochet (Switzerland), Achim Frank (Germany), Richard Henderson (UK): mepụtara cryo-electron microscopes maka elu-mkpebi Ọdịdị Ọdịdị nke biomolecules na ngwọta.

Ọkara nke 2018 award e nyere ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị America bụ Frances H. Arnold (Frances H. Arnold) n'ịkwado ya ịghọta nke eduzi evolushọn nke enzymes; nke ọzọ ọkara e ọdịda ka American ọkà mmụta sayensị (George P. Smith) na British ọkà mmụta sayensị Gregory P. Winter (Gregory P. Winter) na ude Ha ghọtara na phage ngosi technology nke peptides na mgbochi.